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Dutch exotic dancer, courtesan and spy (1876–1917)

Mata Hari
Mata Hari by Léopold-Émile Reutlinger, 1906
Born	Margaretha Geertruida Zelle (1876-08-07)seven August 1876 Leeuwarden, Netherlands
Died	15 Oct 1917(1917-x-fifteen) (aged 41) Vincennes, French Third Republic
Crusade of expiry	Execution by firing squad
Nationality	Dutch
Occupation	Exotic dancer courtesan spy
Spouse(s)	Rudolf John MacLeod ​ ​ (chiliad. 1895; div. 1906)​
Children	2
Parent(s)	Adam Zelle (begetter) Antje van der Meulen (female parent)
Espionage action
Allegiance	France, Federal republic of germany
Service branch	Deuxième Bureau
Service years	1916–1917
Signature

Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle; seven August 1876 – fifteen October 1917), better known past the stage proper noun Mata Hari (), was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was bedevilled of being a spy for Federal republic of germany during World War I. Professor Shipman, a noted scholar stated "he believed she was innocent"^[1] and condemned but because the French Army needed a scapegoat.^{[2] [3]} She was executed past firing team in French republic.^[4]

Early life [edit]

Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was built-in 7 August 1876 in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. She was the eldest of iv children to Adam Zelle (1840–1910) and his first married woman Antje van der Meulen (1842–1891).^[5] She had 3 younger brothers; Johannes Hendriks, Arie Anne, and Cornelis Coenraad. She was affectionately called "G'greet" by her family unit.^{[half dozen]} Despite traditional assertions that Mata Hari was partly of Jewish,^[6] Malaysian,^[7] or Javanese, i.eastward. Indonesian descent, scholars conclude she had no Jewish or Asian ancestry and both of her parents were Dutch.^[eight] Her father endemic a lid shop, made investments in the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give Margaretha and her siblings a lavish early childhood^[nine] that included exclusive schools until the age of 13.^[10]

Presently after Margaretha'south male parent went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced, and her mother died in 1891.^{[9] [10]} Her father remarried in Amsterdam on nine February 1893 to Susanna Catharina ten Hoove (1844–1913). The family fell apart, and Margaretha was sent to alive with her godfather, Mr. Visser, in Sneek. Subsequently, she studied to exist a kindergarten teacher in Leiden, but when the headmaster began to flirt with her conspicuously, she was removed from the institution by her godfather.^{[ix] [10] [eleven]} A few months later, she fled to her uncle'south habitation in The Hague.^[11]

Dutch East Indies [edit]

At 18, Margaretha answered an advertisement in a Dutch newspaper placed by Dutch Colonial Army Helm Rudolf MacLeod (1856–1928), who was living in what was and so the Dutch East Indies (now Republic of indonesia) and was looking for a wife. Zelle married MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. He was the son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod (a descendant of the Gesto branch of the MacLeods of Skye, hence his Scottish surname) and Dina Louisa, Baroness Sweerts de Landas. The marriage enabled Zelle to move into the Dutch upper class and placed her finances on a audio ground. She moved with her husband to Malang on the east side of the island of Java, travelling out on the SSPrinses Amalia in May 1897. They had ii children, Norman-John MacLeod (1897–1899) and Louise Jeanne MacLeod (1898–1919).

Her children Louise Jeanne and Norman-John, with his male parent

The marriage was overall a disappointment.^[12] Rudolf was an alcoholic and physically abused Margaretha, whom he blamed for his lack of promotion. He also openly kept a concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Dutch East Indies at that fourth dimension. Margaretha abandoned him temporarily, moving in with Van Rheedes, some other Dutch officer. She studied Indonesian civilisation intensely for several months and joined a local trip the light fantastic company during that fourth dimension. In correspondence to her relatives in the Netherlands in 1897, she revealed her artistic name of Mata Hari, the discussion for "sunday" in the local Malay language (literally, "eye of the day").^[10]

At Rudolf'south urging, Margaretha returned to him, only his behavior did non alter. She sought escape from her circumstances by studying the local culture.^[ten] In 1899, their children roughshod violently ill from complications relating to the handling of syphilis contracted from their parents,^[xiii] though the family claimed they were poisoned by an irate servant. Jeanne survived, but Norman died. Some sources^[10] maintain that one of Rudolf'south enemies may have poisoned their supper to kill both of their children. After moving back to the Netherlands, the couple officially separated on xxx August 1902. The divorce became final in 1906, and Margaretha was awarded custody of Jeanne. Rudolf was legally required to pay kid back up, which he never did. Once when Jeanne visited Rudolf, he decided not to return her to her mother. Margaretha did not take the resources to fight the state of affairs and accustomed it, believing that while Rudolf had been an abusive married man, he had always been a good begetter. Jeanne later died at the age of 21, perhaps from complications related to syphilis.^{[xi] [fourteen]}

Career [edit]

Paris [edit]

Mata Hari performing in 1905

In 1903, Zelle moved to Paris, where she performed as a circus horse passenger using the proper noun Lady MacLeod, much to the disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods. Struggling to earn a living, she also posed equally an artist'due south model.^[15]

By 1904, Mata Hari began to rise to prominence every bit an exotic dancer. She was a contemporary of dancers Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, leaders in the early modernistic dance movement, which around the turn of the 20th century looked to Asia and Arab republic of egypt for artistic inspiration. Gabriel Astruc became her personal booking agent.^[ten]

Promiscuous, flirtatious, and openly flaunting her body, Mata Hari captivated her audiences and was an overnight success from the debut of her act at the Musée Guimet on thirteen March 1905.^[16] She became the long-time mistress of the millionaire Lyon industrialist Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded the Musée. She posed equally a Javanese princess of priestly Hindu birth, pretending to have been immersed in the art of sacred Indian dance since babyhood. She was photographed numerous times during this menstruation, nude or virtually and then. Some of these pictures were obtained by MacLeod and strengthened his case in keeping custody of their daughter.^[17]

Mata Hari brought a carefree provocative style to the stage in her human action, which garnered wide acclaim. The most celebrated segment of her act was her progressive shedding of clothing until she wore simply a jeweled breastplate and some ornaments upon her artillery and head.^[10] She was never seen bare-chested as she was cocky-conscious about having pocket-size breasts. She wore a bodystocking for her performances that was similar in color to her own pare, only that was later omitted.^[11]

Although Mata Hari's claims about her origins were fictitious, it was very mutual for entertainers of her era to invent colourful stories well-nigh their origins equally part of the show. Her human activity was successful because it elevated erotic dance to a more respectable condition and and then broke new ground in a style of entertainment for which Paris was later to get world-famous. Her style and free-willed attitude fabricated her a popular woman, as did her eagerness to perform in exotic and revealing vesture. She posed for provocative photos and mingled in wealthy circles. Since most Europeans at the time were unfamiliar with the Dutch East Indies, Mata Hari was thought of as exotic, and it was assumed her claims were genuine. One manifestly enthusiastic French journalist wrote in a Paris paper that Mata Hari was "and then feline, extremely feminine, majestically tragic, the g curves and movements of her trunk trembling in a thousand rhythms."^[18] One journalist in Vienna wrote afterwards seeing one of her performances that Mata Hari was "slender and tall with the flexible grace of a wild animal, and with blue-black hair" and that her face "makes a strange foreign impression."^[18]

Mata Hari in 1906, wearing simply a gold jeweled breastplate and jewelry

By about 1910, myriad imitators had arisen. Critics began to opine that the success and dazzling features of the popular Mata Hari were due to inexpensive exhibitionism and lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important social events throughout Europe, she was held in disdain by serious cultural institutions as a dancer who did not know how to dance.^[10]

Mata Hari in 1910 wearing a jeweled head-dress

Mata Hari'southward career went into reject after 1912. On 13 March 1915, she performed in what would be the last evidence of her career.^[nineteen] She had begun her career relatively tardily for a dancer and had started putting on weight. However, by this time she had get a successful courtesan, known more for her sensuality and eroticism than for her dazzler. She had relationships with high-ranking military officers, politicians, and others in influential positions in many countries. Her relationships and liaisons with powerful men frequently took her across international borders. Prior to World State of war I, she was generally viewed as an artist and a free-spirited bohemian, but as war approached, she began to be seen by some equally a wanton and promiscuous woman, and perhaps a unsafe seductress.^[20]

Espionage [edit]

Zelle photographed in Amsterdam, 1915

During World War I, holland remained neutral. As a Dutch subject, Zelle was thus able to cross national borders freely. To avert the battlefields, she traveled between France and holland via Espana and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. During the state of war, Zelle was involved in what was described equally a very intense romantic-sexual relationship with Helm Vadim Maslov, a 23 year-one-time Russian pilot serving with the French, whom she called the honey of her life.^[21] Maslov was office of the l,000 strong Russian Expeditionary Force sent to the Western Front in the spring of 1916.^[22]

In the summer of 1916, Maslov was shot downwards and badly wounded during a dogfight with the Germans, losing his sight in his left eye, which led Zelle to enquire for permission to visit her wounded lover at the hospital where he was staying near the front.^[21] As a denizen of a neutral country, Zelle would not normally be immune well-nigh the front end. Zelle was met by agents from the Deuxième Agency who told her that she would be allowed to meet Maslov if she agreed to spy for France.^[21]

Before the war, Zelle had performed as Mata Hari several times before the Crown Prince Wilhelm, eldest son of Kaiser Wilhelm 2 and nominally a senior German full general on the Western Front.^[21] The Deuxième Bureau believed she might be able to obtain information by seducing the Crown Prince for military secrets.^[21] In fact, his involvement was minimal and it was High german authorities propaganda that promoted the image of the Crown Prince as a great warrior, the worthy successor to the Hohenzollern monarchs who had fabricated Prussia strong and powerful.^[23] They wanted to avoid publicizing that the man expected to exist the next Kaiser was a playboy noted for womanizing, partying, and indulging in booze, who spent some other portion of his fourth dimension associating with far right-fly politicians, with the intent to have his father alleged insane and deposed.^[21]

Unaware that the Crown Prince did non accept much to practice with the running of Regular army Grouping Crown Prince or the fifth Regular army, the Deuxième Agency offered Zelle one million francs if she could seduce him and provide France with proficient intelligence about German plans.^[21] The fact that the Crown Prince had, before 1914, never allowable a unit of measurement larger than a regiment, and was now supposedly commanding both an regular army and an ground forces grouping at the same fourth dimension should have been a inkling that his role in German language decision-making was generally nominal. Zelle'due south contact with the Deuxième Agency was Captain Georges Ladoux, who was later to emerge as one of her master accusers.^[18]

In Nov 1916, she was traveling by steamer from Spain when her send called at the British port of Falmouth. There she was arrested and taken to London where she was interrogated at length by Sir Basil Thomson, assistant commissioner at New Scotland Thousand in charge of counter-espionage. He gave an account of this in his 1922 book Queer People, saying that she eventually admitted to working for the Deuxième Agency. Initially detained in Cannon Street police station, she was then released and stayed at the Savoy Hotel. A full transcript of the interview is in Britain'south National Archives and was broadcast, with Mata Hari played past Eleanor Bron, on the independent station LBC in 1980.^[24] Information technology is unclear if she lied on this occasion, believing the story fabricated her sound more intriguing, or if French authorities were using her in such a style but would not acknowledge her due to the embarrassment and international backfire it could cause.^[25]

In late 1916, Zelle travelled to Madrid, where she met with the German military attaché Major Arnold Kalle and asked if he could adapt a coming together with the Crown Prince.^[26] During this period, Zelle manifestly offered to share French secrets with Deutschland in substitution for money, though whether this was because of greed or an attempt to set a meeting with Crown Prince Wilhelm remains unclear.^[26]

In January 1917, Major Kalle transmitted radio messages to Berlin describing the helpful activities of a High german spy code-named H-21, whose biography so closely matched Zelle's that it was plain obvious that Agent H-21 could only be Mata Hari.^[26] The Deuxième Bureau intercepted the messages and, from the information they contained, identified H-21 as Mata Hari. The messages were in a code that German language intelligence knew had already been cleaved by the French, suggesting that the letters were contrived to have Zelle arrested past the French.^{[26] [27]}

Full general Walter Nicolai, the chief IC (intelligence officer) of the German Army, had grown very annoyed that Mata Hari had provided him with no intelligence worthy of the proper noun, instead selling the Germans mere Paris gossip most the sexual practice lives of French politicians and generals, and decided to terminate her employment past exposing her every bit a German spy to the French.^[28]

Trial [edit]

Mata Hari on the twenty-four hours of her arrest

Mugshot of Margaretha Zelle

In December 1916, the Second Agency of the French War Ministry permit Mata Hari obtain the names of six Belgian agents. Five were suspected of submitting fake textile and working for the Germans, while the sixth was suspected of being a double agent for Germany and France. 2 weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris for a trip to Madrid, the double agent was executed by the Germans, while the five others connected their operations. This development served as proof to the 2d Bureau that the names of the six spies had been communicated past Mata Hari to the Germans.^[29]

On 13 February 1917, Mata Hari was arrested in her room at the Hotel Elysée Palace on the Champs Elysées in Paris. She was put on trial on 24 July, accused of spying for Deutschland, and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 soldiers. Although the French and British intelligence suspected her of spying for Germany, neither could produce definite evidence against her.

A harlot? Yes, but a traitoress, never!

—Phrase attributed to Mata Hari during the trial.

Zelle'south principal interrogator, who grilled her relentlessly, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; he was later to prosecute her at trial.^[18] Bouchardon was able to establish that much of the Mata Hari persona was invented, and far from being a Javanese princess, Zelle was actually Dutch, which he was to use as evidence of her dubious and dishonest character at her trial. Zelle admitted to Bouchardon that she had accepted twenty,000 francs from a German diplomat and former lover as reimbursement for belongings taken from her by German language authorities. Bouchardon claimed that this was, in fact, payment to her for spying for Frg. In the meantime, Ladoux had been preparing a case against his former amanuensis by casting all of her activities in the worst possible light, going so far equally to engage in show tampering.^[18]

Scapegoat [edit]

In 1917, France had been badly shaken by the Bang-up Mutinies of the French Army in the spring of 1917 post-obit the failure of the Nivelle Offensive together with a huge strike moving ridge, and at the time many believed that France might merely plummet as a effect of war exhaustion. In July 1917, a new government under Georges Clemenceau had come up into ability, utterly committed to winning the state of war. In this context, having i German spy on whom everything that went wrong with the state of war so far could be blamed was almost convenient for the French government, making Mata Hari the perfect scapegoat, which explains why the case against her received maximum publicity in the French press, and led to her importance in the state of war beingness greatly exaggerated.^[30] The Canadian historian Wesley Wark stated in a 2014 interview that Mata Hari was never an important spy and just made a scapegoat for French armed services failures which she had nothing to practise with, stating: "They needed a scapegoat and she was a notable target for scapegoating."^[31] Likewise, the British historian Julie Wheelwright stated: "She really did non pass on annihilation that y'all couldn't find in the local newspapers in Kingdom of spain."^[31] Wheelwright went on to describe Zelle as "... an independent adult female, a divorcee, a denizen of a neutral land, a courtesan and a dancer, which made her a perfect scapegoat for the French, who were then losing the war. She was kind of held up every bit an example of what might happen if your morals were besides loose."^[31]

Zelle wrote several letters to the Dutch Ambassador in Paris, claiming her innocence. "My international connections are due of my piece of work every bit a dancer, nada else .... Because I actually did non spy, information technology is terrible that I cannot defend myself."^[32] The nearly terrible and heartbreaking moment for Mata Hari during the trial occurred when her lover Maslov—by now a securely embittered homo as a effect of losing his eyes in combat—declined to testify for her, telling her he did not care if she was bedevilled or not.^[33] It was reported that Zelle fainted when she learned that Maslov had abandoned her.^[34]

Her defense counsel, veteran international lawyer Édouard Clunet,^[35] faced impossible odds; he was denied permission either to cross-examine the prosecution'due south witnesses or to examine his own witnesses directly.^[36] Bouchardon used the fact that Zelle was a woman every bit prove of her guilt, maxim: "Without scruples, accepted to making utilise of men, she is the blazon of woman who is built-in to exist a spy."^[18] Zelle has often been portrayed as a femme fatale, the dangerous, seductive woman who uses her sexuality to effortlessly manipulate men, but others view her differently: in the words of the American historians Norman Polmer and Thomas Allen she was "naïve and easily duped", a victim of men rather than a victimizer.^[21]

Although news reports following her execution claimed she had admitted spying for Germany, Mata Hari made no such admission. She maintained throughout her ordeal that she had never been a German spy. At her trial, Zelle vehemently insisted that her sympathies were with the Allies and declared her passionate love of France, her adopted homeland. In October 2001, documents released from the archives of MI5 (British counter-intelligence) were used by a Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the French government to exonerate Zelle as they argued that the MI5 files proved she was not guilty of the charges she was convicted of.^[37] A spokesman from the Mata Hari Foundation argued that at virtually Zelle was a depression-level spy who provided no secrets to either side, stating: "Nosotros believe that there are sufficient doubts concerning the dossier of information that was used to captive her to warrant re-opening the case. Perchance she wasn't entirely innocent, just it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose information sent thousands of soldiers to their deaths, every bit has been claimed."^[37]

Execution [edit]

Execution scene from 1920 pic nearly Mata Hari^[38]

Zelle was executed by a firing squad of 12 French soldiers just before dawn on fifteen October 1917. She was 41.^[39] According to an bystander account past British reporter Henry Wales, she was not bound and refused a blindfold. She defiantly blew a kiss to the firing team.^[26]

A 1934 New Yorker article reported that at her execution she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored suit, peculiarly made for the occasion, and a pair of new white gloves",^[twoscore] though another account indicates she wore the same adjust, low-cut blouse, and tricorn hat ensemble which had been picked out by her accusers for her to habiliment at trial, and which was yet the only full, clean outfit which she had in prison.^[14] Neither description matches photographic testify. Wales recorded her decease, saying that after the volley of shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her head upwardly always, and without the slightest change of expression on her face up. For the fraction of a second information technology seemed she tottered there, on her knees, gazing directly at those who had taken her life. Then she barbarous astern, bending at the waist, with her legs doubled upwardly below her." A not-commissioned officer and then walked up to her torso, pulled out his revolver, and shot her in the head to brand sure she was expressionless.^[41]

Remains and 2017 French declassification [edit]

Mata Hari's body was not claimed by any family members and was accordingly used for medical study. Her head was embalmed and kept in the Museum of Anatomy in Paris. In 2000, archivists discovered that it had disappeared, possibly as early as 1954, according to curator Roger Saban, during the museum's relocation.^[42] Her head remains missing.^{[43] [44]} Records dated from 1918 show that the museum likewise received the rest of the body, but none of the remains could later on be accounted for.^[45]

Mata Hari's sealed trial and other related documents, a total of 1,275 pages, were declassified past the French Army in 2017, one hundred years afterward her execution.^[46]

Legacy [edit]

Museum exhibition [edit]

The Western frisian museum (Dutch: Fries Museum) in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, contains a "Mata Hari Room". Included in the showroom are two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug embroidered with the footsteps of her fan trip the light fantastic.^[47] Located in Mata Hari'due south native boondocks, the museum is well known for research into the life and career of Leeuwarden'south world-famous citizen. The largest ever Mata Hari exhibition was opened in the Museum of Friesland on 14 October 2017, one hundred years after her death.

Mata Hari's birthplace is located in the building at Kelders 33. The building suffered fume and h2o harm during a burn in 2013, but was afterwards restored. Architect Silvester Adema studied former drawings of the storefront in society to reconstruct it equally it appeared when Adam Zelle, the begetter of Mata Hari, had a hat shop there. In 2016, an information centre (belevingscentrum) was created in the building displaying mementos of Mata Hari.^[48]

In pop culture [edit]

The idea of an exotic dancer working as a lethal double amanuensis using her powers of seduction to extract military secrets from her many lovers made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of the femme fatale.^[49]

Her life inspired a number of films, including:

• Mata Hari (1920)
• Mata Hari (1927), a High german production
• Mata Hari (1931), a Hollywood picture starring Greta Garbo
• In the 1939 romantic one-act Buffet Order, African-American actress Lillian Yarbo portrays Mattie Harriett, hired by Allyn Joslyn's gossip columnist to spy on the film'south ii protagonists, Fred MacMurray and Madeleine Carroll.^[fifty]
• Mata Hari, Agent H21 (1964)
• In the 1967 James Bond spoof Casino Royale, Joanna Pettet played Mata Bond, said to be the daughter of James Bond and Mata Hari
• In the 1972 British comedy movie Up the Front, Zsa Zsa Gabor portrays Mata Hari
• Mata Hari (1981), television-series
• "Mata Hari; The Magic Camera", an episode of Fantasy Island (1982)
• Mata Hari (1985)
• Mata Hari (2016)
• Mata Hari (2017), short film
• Mata Hari: The Naked Spy (2017)
• Mata Hari (2017), a 12-episode Russian-Portuguese TV serial, starring Vahina Giocante in the title role
• In the 2021 movie The Rex's Homo Mata Hari is shown every bit 1 of the Sheperd'southward agents (alongside Gavrilo Princip and Rasputin) portrayed by Austrian actress Valerie Pachner.

Mata Hari's life too inspired at least five stage musicals:

• Mata Hari in 1967, starring Pernell Roberts and Marisa Mell
• Mata Hari, by Lene Lovich, Gauge Smith, and Les Chappell, premiered in 1982 at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith;^[51]
• Mata!, with words and music by Stuart Brayson, received its World Premiere at Blackpool Yard Theatre in June 1995
• Mata Hari at the Moulin Rouge, by Frank Wildhorn, which debuted in Seoul, South korea in March 2016
• One Terminal Night with Mata Hari, written past Craig Walker with music past John Burge, debuted at the Isabel Bader Centre for the Performing Arts, in Kingston, Ontario, in January 2017.^{[52] [53]}

In the 1964 novel Harriet the Spy, Mata Hari is idolized by 11-year-one-time Harriet One thousand. Welsch, who is a spy herself.

In 1995, Israeli singer Ofra Haza released a single titled "Mata Hari".^[54]

In Feb 2016, the Dutch National Ballet premiered a two-act ballet entitled Mata Hari, with Anna Tsygankova dancing the role of Mata Hari, choreography by Ted Brandsen, and music by Tarik O'Regan.^[55]

In 2017, the opera Mata Hari by librettist Peter Peers and composer Matt Marks premiered at New York'south Paradigm Festival.^[56] In August 2018, it was also produced by West Border Opera, with Tina Mitchell reprising her starring role.^[57]

In 2019, English singer-songwriter Frank Turner released a song near Mata Hari, entitled "Centre of the 24-hour interval", on his anthology No Human being'south Land.^{[58] [59]}

In 2021, Republic of azerbaijan participated in the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Mata Hari", performed by Samira Efendi.^[60]

See also [edit]

• Women in trip the light fantastic toe
• Yoshiko Kawashima – sometimes known in fiction under the pseudonym "Eastern Mata Hari"
• Bertha Trost

References [edit]

Citations

1. ^ Goldsmith, Belinda (vii August 2007). "Mata Hari was a scapegoat, not a spy – biographer". Reuters. 'But the evidence is quite strong that she was completely innocent of espionage,' Shipman, a professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania Country University, told Reuters. 'When she was arrested the war was going very desperately for the French and she was a foreigner, very sexy, having affairs with everyone, and living lavishly while people in Paris had no bread. At that place was a lot of resentment against her.' Shipman said Mata Hari's continuing in 1917 was similar to that of Marilyn Monroe in the 1960s—she was recognizable everywhere and considered the sexiest, most desirable adult female in Europe. 'This is part of why it is so ludicrous to think she was a spy. She couldn't be undercover and sneak effectually. She couldn't help but attract attending,' said Shipman, whose book Femme Fatale: Dear, Lies and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari (ISBN 978-0297856276) has merely been released.
2. ^ "Why Mata Hari Wasn't a Cunning Spy After All". National Geographic. 12 November 2017. In 1916 the war was going badly for the French. Two of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war—Verdun and the Somme—pitted the French against the Germans for months at a time. The mud, bad sanitation, illness, and the newly introduced horror of phosgene gas led to the death or maiming of hundreds of thousands of soldiers. Eventually, French troops became so demoralized that some refused to fight. Ladoux felt the abort of a prominent spy could raise French spirits and recharge the war endeavour.
3. ^ Howe, Russel Warren (1986). Mata Hari: The True Story. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. ten–xi, 285.
4. ^ "Mata Hari". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 August 2007. The daughter of a prosperous hatter, she attended a teachers' higher in Leiden. In 1895 she married an officer whose family was of Scottish origin, Captain Rudolph MacLeod, in the Dutch colonial army, and from 1897 to 1902 they lived in Coffee and Sumatra. The couple returned to Europe but later separated, and she began to trip the light fantastic professionally in Paris in 1905 nether the proper name of Lady MacLeod. She soon chosen herself Mata Hari, said to be a Malay expression for the sun (literally, "centre of the 24-hour interval"). Alpine, extremely bonny, superficially acquainted with Due east Indian dances, and willing to announced virtually nude in public, she was an instant success in Paris and other large cities.
5. ^ Ancestors of Margaretha Geertruida Zelle Archived thirteen July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. www.praamsma.org
6. ^ ^{a b} Kerr, Gordon (x October 2011). Treacherous Women: Sex, temptation and betrayal. ISBN9781908698193.
7. ^ Parish, James Robert (1992). Prostitution in Hollywood Films: Plots, Critiques, Casts, and Credits for 389 Theatrical and Made-for-television Releases. ISBN9780899506777.
8. ^ Cohen, M. (2010). Performing Otherness: Coffee and Bali on International Stages, 1905–1952. Springer. ISBN978-0230309005 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 – via Google Books.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Jennifer Rosenberg Mata Hari. Near.com
10. ^ ^{a b c d due east f k h i} "Mata Hari". Archived from the original on fifteen September 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010. . Earth of Biography
11. ^ ^{a b c d} Denise Noe Mata Hari Archived 9 February 2015 at the Wayback Motorcar. Crimelibrary.com. Retrieved on 15 Oct 2011.
12. ^ The Spy Who Never Was, written past Julia Keay, published past Michael Joseph Ltd, 1987^{[ ISBN missing ] [ page needed ]}
13. ^ "Why Mata Hari Wasn't a Cunning Spy Subsequently All". National Geographic. 12 Nov 2017^{[ page needed ]}
14. ^ ^{a b} Shipman, Pat (2007). Femme Fatale: Love, Lies, and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari. New York: HarperCollins. p. 450. ISBN978-0-06-081728-2.
15. ^ Myall, Steve (17 October 2017). "Rare pictures of dancer and "spy" Mata Hari who was executed by firing squad". mirror . Retrieved 7 December 2020.
16. ^ Denise Noe Mata Hari is Born Archived 10 February 2015 at the Wayback Automobile. Crimelibrary.com
17. ^ Craig, Mary Westward. (28 July 2017). A Tangled Web: Dancer, Courtesan, Spy. ISBN9780750984720.
18. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Biography of Mata Hari". The Biography Channel. May 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
19. ^ Mata Hari – The Truthful Story. By Russell Warren Howe, p. 63. 1986
20. ^ Joanna Bourke, Gresham Professor of Rhetoric, 'Mata Hari: Femmes Fatales' (2020)
21. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Polmer, Norman & Allen, Thomas The Spy Book, New York: Random House, 1998 p. 357.
22. ^ Cockfield, Jamie H. (1998). With Snowfall on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World State of war I. ISBN9780312173562.
23. ^ Wheeler-Bennett, John The Nemesis of Ability The German Army In Politics 1918–1945, London: Macmillan, 1967 pp. 12–13.
24. ^ "The London Interrogations". British Universities Pic & Video Council. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
25. ^ Proctor, Tammy 1000. (2006). Female person Intelligence: Women and Espionage in the First World War. ISBN9780814766941.
26. ^ ^{a b c d e} Polmer, Norman & Allen, Thomas The Spy Book, New York: Random Firm, 1998 p. 358.
27. ^ Howe, Russel Warren (1986). Mata Hari: The True Story. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 143.
28. ^ Polmer, Norman & Allen, Thomas The Spy Book, New York: Random House, 1998 p. 394.
29. ^ Waagenaar: Sie nannte sich Mata Hari, p. 258
30. ^ Arbuckle, Alex (May 2016). "The Dramatic Tale of Mata Hari Dancer, courtesan, scapegoat, spy?". Retronaught. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
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35. ^ Mauro Macedonio Mata Hari, a life through images, Tricase: Youcanprint, 2017 p. 207.
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Bibliography

• Collas, Phillipe, (2008). Mata Hari, sa véritable Histoire. Paris: Plon 2003. ISBN 978-2-2591-9872-1 (French)
• Coulson, Thomas. Mata Hari: Courtesan and Spy. London: Hutchinson, 1930. OCLC 17969173
• Craig, Mary, W. (2017), A Tangled Web: Mata Hari Dancer, Courtesan, Spy. Stroud: The History Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0750968195
• Dumarcet, Lionel: 50'affaire Mata-Hari. De Vecchi, Paris 2006, ISBN 2-7328-4870-0 (French)
• Howe, Russel Warren: Mata-Hari. The true story. Editions de l'Archipel, Paris 2007, ISBN 978-2-84187-577-one (French)
• Huisman, Marijke. (1998), Mata Hari (1876–1917): de levende legende. Hilversum: Verloren. ISBN 90-6550-442-7 (Dutch)
• Maucher,Ute, Pfeiffer, Gabi: Codewort: Seidenstrumpf, Die größten Spioninnen des nineteen. und 20. Jahrhunderts. ars vivendi verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-89716-999-9 (German language)
• Ostrovsky, Erika. (1978), Eye of Dawn: The Ascension and Fall of Mata Hari. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0025940309 OCLC 3433352
• Samuels, Diane: The true life fiction of Mata Hari. Hern Books, London 2002, ISBN ane-85459-672-1
• Shipman, Pat. (2007), Femme Fatale: Love, Lies, and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson ISBN 0-297-85074-1
• Waagenaar, Sam. (1965), Mata Hari. New York: Appleton-Century.
• Wheelwright, Julie. (1992). The Fatal Lover: Mata Hari and the Myth of Women in Espionage. London: Collins and Brown. ISBN i-85585-128-8
• Mauro Macedonio. (2017). Mata Hari, a life through images. Tricase: Youcanprint. ISBN 978-8892637818

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Mata Hari.

• Multi-language (nl, fr, de, en) website on Mata Hari
• Details of the disappearance of the corpse
• "The Execution of Mata Hari, 1917," Eyewitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2005)
• "Mata Hari," from History Magazine. Complete text, images, video

Julie Wheelwright the Guardian Life and Style Family and Relationships

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Hari

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